The Impact of Sin Tax on the Consumer’s Demand for Cigarettes Essay Example

The Impact of Sin Tax on the Consumer’s Demand for Cigarettes Paper Marlene B. Escamillan 4E1 The effect of wrongdoing charge on the consumer’s interest for cigarettes Introduction The raise in charge is one of the most significant checks to diminish the usage of a decent. Simply equivalent to different duties, a transgression charge is energized to lift continues for government consumptions. Unique in relation to different expenses, a wrongdoing charge is regularly forced with a goal of diminishing the public’s utilization of a decent. Then again, when you articulate about burdening stogies and mixed refreshments, utilization rise to be erratic particularly to the mass. The policymakers’ principle concern is that an expansion in stogies and mixed drinks assessments could inconsistently affect the oppressed (Jose Julian Escario, Jose Alberto Molina, 2004). Escario, et al. likewise found that the expansion in the real worth of tax collection on cigarettesâ has had slight impact on demandâ from smokers for the explanation that request has been inelastic. Be that as it may, there are signs that a tipping point may have been reached. Sin charges are likewise the best method to impact youthful individuals to abstain from smoking. Then again, an expansion in the cost on cigarettesâ has had slight impact on demandâ from smokers since request has been inelastic. Consequently, what truly is the flexibility of the interest for cigarettes to the mass? The motivation behind this paper is to invigorate the effect of transgression charge on the utilization of cigarettes of normal smokers. Perspective From a financial point of view, the analyst thinks that its progressively reasonable to devour the standard cigarette on account of the fulfillment it respects the customers. It is additionally effective for the cultural prosperity of the nation in light of the fact that the assessment charged will in any case be come back to us in the long run. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Impact of Sin Tax on the Consumer’s Demand for Cigarettes explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on The Impact of Sin Tax on the Consumer’s Demand for Cigarettes explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on The Impact of Sin Tax on the Consumer’s Demand for Cigarettes explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer What's more, based from the examination, the analyst would prefer to use the standard great at a lesser interest rate as opposed to subbing the positive qualities considering the way that subbing the great would not be as fulfilling from what you have been utilized to smoke. On the off chance that the burdening of cigarettes will be tried, there is a possibility for smokers to trim down their utilization. Technique 50 overviews were scattered haphazardly to assemble the information required at costs, and interest for cigarettes. The review was created by the analyst. The costs of the standard brand, the substitute brand, and the interest for cigarettes were totally replied as a probit model. The cost of the standard cigarette brand, and amount requested of the substitute cigarette brand are the logical factors, while interest for the standard cigarettes is the exogenous variable. Stipend was utilized to decide on which pay bunch the understudy has a place with. Costs were fluctuated through its expansion because of expense actualized. In the interim, the interest for cigarettes was checked by the amount devoured by the purchasers. Condition 1: QDstandard = [pic] + [pic] Pstandard + [pic]QDsub + e The relapse model is made known previously. QDstandard represents the amount requested for the standard cigarette brand; Pstandard relates to the cost of the standard cigarette brand with charge executed; QdSub typifies the amount requested of the substitute great which is modest than the other great. Results Regression consequences of QDstandard on Pstandard, and QDsub |Dependent Variable: QDstandard | |Included perceptions: 50 | |Variable |Coefficient |Std. Blunder |t-Statistic |Prob. | |C |13. 66452 |0. 595734 |22. 93727 |0. 0000 | |Pstandard |-0. 176294 |0. 066267 |2. 660363 |0. 0145 | |QdSub |-0. 126506 |0. 043445 |-2. 911854 |0. 0086 | |R-squared |0. 905023 | Mean ward var |14. 2297 | |Adjusted R-squared |0. 893151 | S. D. subordinate var |0. 265487 | |S. E. of relapse |0. 086782 | Akaike information model |-1. 919279 | |Sum squared resid |0. 180745 | Schwarz model |-1. 728964 | |Log probability |30. 86991 | F-measurement |76. 23089 | |Durbin-Watson detail |1. 193801 | Prob(F-measurement) |0. 000000 | Relapsing costs of standard cigarette brand with charge executed (Pstandard), and amount requested the of substitute great (QdSUB) shows every single illustrative variable are measurably noteworthy at 95% certainty level. On the off chance that the cost of the standard great increments by 1 unit, at that point amount requested for the standard cigarette great abatements by 1. 76 The outcomes clarifies that if sin charge is actualized, the interest for cigarettes in the white collar class will diminish. Besides, if the amount requested of the substitute great increments by 1 unit, the amount requested of the standard great declines by 1. 27. In light of the study, working class customers will in any case purchase their standard cigarette regardless of whether the cost increments, while not as much as they used to when the cost was lower. Never the less, low-white collar class respondents would find an elective decent if the cost of their standard positive attitude increment. At the point when replacement happens the expense transforms into a bending. To beneficial demonstrate the investigation, the chart beneath gives a thought regarding the impacts if charge is actualized. In chart 1, point U1 shows that the individuals who offer significance to the standard great more, through the fulfillment they have for their item, have a more extreme interest bend (D1). For this situation, a cost increment won’t twist their utilization for the standard great. Albeit steadfast consumers’ amount requested will diminish, they will even now pay out a similar measure of cash just accepting less measure of that item. Moreover, point U2 shows the individuals who will be progressively fulfilled of the substitute which is economical than the standard great. Replacement impact happens in point U2. Chart 1 Moreover, to additionally give proof to the investigation of the overview in regards to consumers’ request on standard cigarettes, D1 unmistakably uncovers how purchasers react with charge added to the genuine cost. Indeed, even with the expansion in value, customers won't be influenced that much for the explanation that of the inelasticity of its interest bend. In this circumstance, makers outperform the whole taxation rate to the shoppers. In any case, D2 shows the investigation of shoppers who might locate a substitute decent if charge is actualized. As delineated, D2 is less steep contrasted and D1 which implies that those purchasers who have an interest bend as of D2 will be profoundly influenced if cost increments. At the point when buyers have an interest bend as d2, they are bound to maintain a strategic distance from burden and go for the substitute great which makes twisting in the economy. End From the investigation led, results obviously show that as cost of cigarette expands, the amount requested change contingent upon the kind of customer. On one hand, if the shopper has a place with the working class, they are bound to expend the standard brand of cigarette paying little mind to the cost increment however with a lesser measure of amount. Then again, if the purchaser is rice flexible, the customer will almost certain devour the substitute great. The interest versatility for stogies obviously relies upon the kind of shoppers. Source: www. econpapers. repec. organization http://tutor2u. net/financial matters/update notes/as-business sectors value flexibility of-interest. html http://www. tobaccoinabgnustralia. organization. au/13-1-value versatility of-interest for-tobacco-produc Modeling the ideal financial strategy on tobacco utilization: by Julian Escario, Jose Alberto Molina 2004. Diary of Policy Modeling Volume 26, Issue 1, January 2004, Pages 81-93 Price U2 U1 D2 D1 Quantity

Reading response 25 enteries of mistakes made from slip of the tongue Essay

Perusing reaction 25 enteries of slip-ups produced using oversight - Essay Example The presence of phonemic or lexical blunders in the above sentences offers proof that the speakers are connecting on forward arranging of their articulations. It tends to be noted from the discourse blunders that speakers need to hold fast to a specific arrangement of etymological principles. For example, phonetic requirements recommend the potential successions of sounds. Also, the investigations on discourse blunder have discovered that there is presence of decides that specifies the way wherein morphemes are articulated or how they should be utilized along with different morphemes. As per Garrett (1980), the models underneath show that discourse blunders additionally watch these principles. From the discourse blunders it very well may be found that components that interface with each another tend to semantically or phonetically to be same to each other. This implies vowels and vowels trade and consonants with consonants, the slips are steady with the language phonological guidelines, and in conclusion, in discourse mistakes there are reliable pressure designs. Basically, both communicating portions get minor or major

General Knowledge Essay Topics - Tips For Writing the Best Essay of the Year

General Knowledge Essay Topics - Tips For Writing the Best Essay of the YearThis year, General Knowledge Essay topics will probably include Social Studies and Humanities as the most popular. Students of all backgrounds are participating in GKE this year and receiving lots of attention for the same. During GKE your essay will receive a lot of effort from both teachers and students. Here are some tips for writing the GKE.You are going to find two types of essays - those from students in Humanities and those from students in the other subjects. In these two types of essay, you need to make sure that you don't rely too much on stereotypes. Instead, you will find more than enough examples of real people who are truly living. Also, never forget that 'ordinary' people can have extraordinary experiences. Don't underestimate the power of 'ordinary people' to reach out to a wider audience. You may also want to consider learning more about how to use and apply 'ordinary people' in your essay, s uch as by talking about real life events such as wedding receptions or graduating ceremonies.General Knowledge Essay Topics from the HumanitiesThe Humanities and Social Sciences are a great combination. Both subjects focus on broad topics like history, literature, or social studies. By thinking like a researcher, you can easily connect to your audience. The most effective ways to get your point across are by using examples and the facts. 'How would a typical reader think?'When writing about real life, you will find that students have a very different viewpoint from the people you meet in school. This can be used to add more value to your students' essay. Try to discuss how you think you would react if you were in the situation your students are trying to describe.General Knowledge Essay Topics from the Social SciencesThese subjects can be very academically challenging and time consuming. Take the time to learn about the different areas you will need to cover. Doing so will allow you to write an essay that meets the standards required by the SAT or ACT. Research shows that students do better when they spend more time working on their essays and less time studying.Just remember that Social Sciences are more about researching and are less concerned with the 'common man.' It's best to avoid stories that give students too much information, as it will be too hard for them to understand the concepts they are being taught. You will also want to avoid using very specific examples, as this will make students feel as though they are being told too much information. Again, the goal is to make it easier for students to grasp the basics.

Private Property and the Rule of the Middle Class in...

Private Property and the Rule of the Middle Class in Aristotle’s Politics In his discussions of constitutions and cities in Politics, Aristotle makes it very clear that his top priority is to provide people with the opportunity to pursue and achieve the good life. An integral part of this is the stability of the constitution. Although Aristotle explicitly states that a kingship is the best system of rule for any given generation, its lack of stability from one generation to the next disqualifies it from being the best in reality. In his attempts to find a constitution with stability, Aristotle comes to the decision that the middle class would be the ruler of such a constitution. This, he says, will minimize the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Those constitutions which consider the common interest are right constitutions†¦those constitutions which consider only the personal interest of the rulers are all wrong constitutions, or perversions of the right forms† (III.6). The kingship, however, does not appear at the top of Arist otle’s list of â€Å"good† constitutions—constitutions that best allow its citizens to achieve the good life—but rather on the bottom: constitutional government (polity), aristocracy, and then monarchy, in decreasing order of virtue. Aristotle explains this discrepancy by revealing that providing the citizens with a good life necessarily implies the need for stability. â€Å"It remains to treat of the methods for preserving constitutions in general† (V.8). A kingship may be the most virtuous constitutional type for any given generation, but it is extremely vulnerable to corruption from one generation to the next. â€Å"If the kingship is accepted as the best form of government for cities, what is to be the position of the king’s children? Are we to say that his descendants should also be kings? If they turn out as some of them have done, the result will be mischievous† (III.15). The virtue of a kingship is based on the virtue o f the king—on one man. One man, who rules a single generation justly, in pursuit of the common interest, may pass his power on to a man who rules the next general with malice and greed, in pursuit of hisShow MoreRelatedThe Impossible Quest For The Ideal Society1645 Words   |  7 Pagespresented in Plato’s The Republic and Aristotle’s Politics. While they both present a wide range of views on many issues, this paper will only focus on two issues that go hand-in-hand: slavery’s role in society, and the divisions of property and power amongst the classes. 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Implementation Of Web Analytics Maturity Model Essay

MASTER OF COMPUTER and INFORMATION SCIENCES SERVICE RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT ONE Semester 1, 2015 Implementation of Web Analytics Maturity model on Trademe.com ï‚ § Aim: Case study on trademe.co.nz using web analytics maturity model which overcome the pros cons of the online customer service system. ï‚ § Abstract: In this case study, we are defining a scenario as a client where Trade Me which is New Zealand’s giant and how online auction transaction is improvised by using Web Analytics. Clients site usability and experience is enhance by applying the science and Web analytics methodology. It is a science in light of the fact that it utilizes statistics, data mining systems, and a methodological process. 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Historical Analysis Of Of Beowulf s Poem, Beowulf, Sir...

The study of British literature is an incredible journey that begins with battles against Anglo-Saxon monsters and takes us on a journey to a time where writers try to tackle modern problems. Along the way we come across characters such as Beowulf, Sir Gawain, King Arthur and other legends who remain a vital part of popular culture. History offers us a variety of heroes and legends that we can read and learn about. The historical poem of Beowulf not only reveals to us the importance cultural values of the warrior society, but also the importance of literature. The warrior culture at this time reflects the values of the society of the 6th century. There are a couple of key features of Beowulf’s characterization that reflect what was important in Anglo-Saxon society. For example. Beowulf comes across as arrogant and bigheaded, but Anglo-Saxon society valued the daring and confident young man who was proud of his actions and could use his past experiences and journeys to motivate himself toward future success. Our modern world leans towards modesty rather than arrogance. Anglo-Saxon society also believed in a concept of revenge that resulted in a vicious cycle. If someone killed one of your men, you were obligated to avenge their death, but then that group could come back and avenge that death and so on. This is shown in Beowulf by the killing of Grendel and then Grendel’s mother seeking revenge. The only reason this cycle was broken is because there wasn’t anyone else to

Finding your Identity free essay sample

I have encountered a multitude of deferent ethnicities, beliefs, and cultures that all have different ways of speaking. The environment I grew up In has had a great impact on the way that I speak today. I grew up In a very traditional Hispanic home. Women were taught at a young age that our Job was to take care and cater to the man of the house and all of the children. Everyone In my family was born and raised Catholic. My dad Is originally from Espanola and moved to Albuquerque to go to college and pursue his career. My mother was born and raised In Albuquerque. My parents would talk to me In both Spanish and English. My dad spoke in a lot of slang terms that I picked up on as a little girl. I frequently used terms like Ala and Oral in my speech in an effort to embrace my roots and used the slang words my dad used on a daily basis. We will write a custom essay sample on Finding your Identity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My dad had three ways of speaking to e one was Spanish the others were what I called Espanola Slang and a very proper and professional English. I would refer to my dad as Pap instead of dad and he would refer to me as Champed or the kid. My dad taught me all three ways of speaking and I used them all in my everyday speech. In my house you were taught to be fluent in both Spanish and English. If you knew a word in English you knew it In Spanish too. As a young girl I leaned more to Spanish than English because that was a way for me to communicate with my grandmother that I was extremely close with.

The Charge Of The Light Brigade and Exposure Poem Essay Example

The Charge Of The Light Brigade and Exposure Poem Paper A more experienced poet known as Alfred Lord Tennyson wrote the Charge Of The Light Brigade. He was born in 1809 and died of old age in 1892. He wrote The Charge Of The Light Brigade in response to a Newspaper Report from the Times, which was written by W. H. Russel, so his understanding of the war was from second hand knowledge, he was removed from the action. Unlike Wilfred Owen, who wrote Exposure. Owen was born in 1893 and died at a very young age in 1918. The reason for his young death was, he was a participant in the war and died during battle, so his was writing from his own experiences. Although Owen was a less experienced writer, his poems only really became known after his death, as he had a less authorative voice. The main similarities between the two poems is that they are both writing about wars, however both wars are from a different time and so are fought in completely different ways. Tennyson wrote The Charge Of The Light Brigade about the Crimean war, which was originally between France and Russia but Britain joined because she worried about her security. The Crimean war was fought on horseback, which meant that it would be over fairly quickly. I think this because it would have been one charge, this battle would then have gone on until all the soldiers in one side were injured or dead. He was very far removed from the action, as he didnt even witness the war, so his poem written is third hand. Where as Owen wrote Exposure from first hand experience. For these reasons I may be able to place more value on Wilfred Owens poem. The First World War was fought over several years and the soldiers spent a lot of that time in trenches. The mood, tone and language in each poem are completely different from the other. We will write a custom essay sample on The Charge Of The Light Brigade and Exposure Poem specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Charge Of The Light Brigade and Exposure Poem specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Charge Of The Light Brigade and Exposure Poem specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In The Charge Of The Light Brigade the mood is very light and gives the feeling that all the soldiers, were excited about what they were doing. This is helped by the fact that Tennyson doesnt go into the atrocities of the war, instead writing of When horse and hero fell. Here he is basically saying that they have been shot down, but the way Tennyson puts it, its like its not that dramatic, when it is. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade it doesnt really distinguish those soldiers that died in battle and those that lived, Then they rode back, but not the six hundred. This is what I think plays a big part in making the mood of the poem so light, as it avoids death, which is upsetting. Where as in Exposure the mood is very depressing and dismal as Owen is constantly saying how the soldiers were being attacked in different ways. He mentions the weather attacking them, which can be seen from in the merciless iced winds that knive us. As well as things like the barbed wire in front of the enemies trenches, Like twitching agonies of men amongst its brambles. However the poem doesnt mention soldiers attacking them, which may indicate that the weather and other things were more threatening and chilling, then the enemy. In Exposure Owen speaks of the soldiers pain and this is what I think makes the poem so disheartening to read, because he is trying to show how war causes suffering and reduces the soldiers. Unlike Tennyson who is trying to honour and glorify the soldiers and so making the poem seem more pleasant. However in some ways the poems are similar as the language used indicates that poets generalise and universalise all the men in the war. The Charge Of The Light Brigade is a lot more structured then Exposure. This is because in Tennysons poem he talks about the different stages of the battle, where as Owen doesnt really mention battle, its more about the soldiers suffering. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade Tennyson goes through each stage of the battle, within each individual stanza. So in the first stanza the soldiers have been ordered to start their charge. The second stanza is quite an important part of the poem, as we discover that the soldiers had been given the wrong order. However because they are so disciplined and loyal to their country, no one questions it. Tennyson is trying to glorify and honour the soldiers so he simply says, Not though soldiers knew, someone had blundered. In the third stanza the soldiers are in range of the enemys guns and in stanza four, the soldiers are forced to turn back because so many men have been killed. Even though at this point the British soldiers are being defeated Tennyson emphasises their bravery. That takes the readers attention off the fact that they are losing so badly. An example of this is, Sabring the gunners there. The word sabring has been used very cleverly as it gives the reader the impression that the British soldiers were hacking away at the Russians, because Tennyson was writing the poem to honour The Light Brigade. In stanza five the British soldiers are still not out of danger despite turning back, as more Russians have come in behind them, so even more soldiers get killed. Stanza six is simply Tennyson reflecting on their bravery. In Exposure there isnt such an obvious structure. In stanza one Owen talks about the soldiers being attacked by the weather and in stanza two they are being attacked by the enemys barbed wire and it goes on like this. The weather is continually being described in different ways, one very effective way is when Owen uses alliteration, Dawn massing in the East her melancholy army. There is no real progression to the poem because it mirrors what is going on in the war, as they are stuck in trenches. The rhythm in each poem is completely different form the other. The Charge Of The Light Brigade has a very lively and energetic feel to it, this is due to its incredibly fast pace. In contrast Exposure has a very slow rhythm like the progress of the war. However in the third stanza there is a change in pace and it picks up just a little bit. This is due to the rhythm sounding like the bullets being described in the stanza, Sudden successive bullets streak the silence like the shells being shot in The Charge Of The Light Brigade. But the pace returns to its gloomy rhythm in the next stanza. In The charge Of The Light Brigade the rhythm of the poem sounds very much like the rhythm the galloping horses would make, this can be seen from Half a league, half a league onward, all in the valley of death rode the six hundred. I also think that the discipline of the British soldiers shows in the discipline of the rhythm. Each poem gives a completely different image of war, because they were written for different purposes and from different points of view. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade Tennyson uses a lot of similes and metaphors to create tension in the poem. He also uses similes to give the reader a better image of the battle and to show how heroic the soldiers were. Where as in Exposure Owen uses similes and metaphors to show how much the soldiers around him have been reduced, and the only thing they have to keep them going is happy memories. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade the first noticeable and most repeated image is All in the valley of death. I think that Tennyson choose to describe the charge like this because death is a very moving word. The word all unites the soldiers and due to the image of the extreme danger, given by the word death, shows the soldiers bravery, it also gives the idea of a big sacrifice. Not only do we get the feeling of danger, but Tennyson also discreetly describes sounds, through the use of onomatopoeia, Volleyed and thundered. I think that this is really clever, as it adds realism to the poem. When Tennyson uses alliteration, the words he uses sound like the hissing of the artillery on the battlefield. An example of this is Stormed at with shot and shell. Tennyson uses euphemism to describe the British soldiers killing the enemy; he uses words like flashed and sabring. The British soldiers are basically killing people, but the way Tennyson describes it, its as if they are doing it elegantly and almost gracefully. All of these images give the main picture that the war was glorious. The reason we get this image of the war is because Tennyson hides the realities behind euphemism, unlike Owen who shows the war for what it really is. Right from the first word our we immediately know that it has been written from the point of view of the narrator. Owen gives a very chilling image to the war because he has experienced it, he can say what he has seen and felt. The use of personification shows how the soldiers looked on the outside: Attacks once more in ranks, on ranks of shivering grey. Here Owen is talking about the weather attacking the soldiers, because the soldiers looked so grey and dull. Owen also adds shivering to the sentence, which could show that not only were they shivering because they were cold, but because they feel cold in their hearts like theyve been forgotten. Owen uses alliteration to emphasise that the men have no luxuries, unlike Tennyson who used alliteration to show the excitement of the war. In Exposure the uses of alliteration gives the reader the image that its as if the weather is trying to find them to put them through more distress, this can be seen from Pale flakes with fingering stealth come feeling for our faces. However I think Owen saves the most moving image for the end, unlike Tennyson who reflects on the heroism of the men during the battle, Owen shows just how terrible it is. In the final stanza Owen creates a very strong image, Pause over half-known faces. All their eyes are iced. To begin with it seems as though Owen is talking about the dead soldiers eyes being iced, because they are dead, but he is also talking about all the soldiers who are still alive and have to look at them. Owen is saying that in order to cope with what the soldiers have to face out in the trenches their eyes have also iced over, as they have no feeling any more. In Exposure we get the impression that it is probably easier to be dead, as you have gone to a better place and the pain and suffering stops, as soon as your spirit leaves your body. When I read Charge Of The Light Brigade I didnt feel very much inside, because the images that were given through the use of personification and other things were glorious. In Exposure the image seemed very real, because the poet was really writing from the heart and it made me feel quiet and lonely inside. Exposure and The Charge Of The Light Brigade both use repetition to show the reader that there have been casualties in the war. In The Charge Of The light Brigade different words are repeated to highlight different things. To emphasise the courage of the charge Tennyson repeats, Forward, the light brigade and The valley of death, which gives the idea that there is no turning back. In stanza two, three lines begin with their. This is used to show the discipline of the soldiers, that not one of them is questioning the wrong order. At the end of the first three stanzas Tennyson is still repeating, Rode the six hundred, this use of repetition gives the idea that the soldiers are still alive. However the final line of stanza four, Not the six hundred shows that not all the soldiers were going to come back from the valley of death. In stanza five some of the lines from stanza three are repeated, Cannon to the right of them, this gives the idea that even though they are on their way back the danger still surrounds them. At the end of stanza five Tennyson has said, Left of six hundred. He is still repeating six hundred, but has changed the words in front of it, to give the idea that the number of losses was more then the number of survivors. Exposure doesnt have has much repetition in as The Charge Of The Light Brigade, but it too has the majority of its repetition at the end of each stanza. The repetition of But nothing happens in three of the stanzas and the final stanza, give the image that the soldiers are almost waiting to die. The use of repetition in this ways indicates that they feel forgotten, because they have gone out to the trenches to do a job, and they are unable to do that job properly. In stanzas five, six and seven Owen repeats, dying at the end of each stanza. By doing this I get the impression that not only are the soldiers dieing because they are being attacked, but their spirits are dying as well as their love for things, its like they have lost themselves in the strong winds that surround them. So in both poems the use of repetition sums up the casualties of war, in Exposure they are shown in a more harsh way, then in The Charge Of The Light Brigade. Both poems are completely different in the way they portray the war, in that Exposure uses realism and The Charge Of The Light Brigade uses euphemism. The reason for there being such a lot of euphemism in The Charge Of The Light Brigade is because Tennyson wants to praise the soldiers. He also uses euphemism to hide behind the grim realities of life. A very good example of euphemism in the poem is, Sabring the gunners there. It is basically saying that the British soldiers were hacking away and killing the enemy, but it isnt described like that because the aim of Tennysons poem was to honour the soldiers. The word sabring makes the British soldiers sounds elegant and sophisticated, as if they arent doing anything wrong. So in order to honour the Light Brigade Tennyson hides behind euphemism. In contrast Owen uses realism in his poem because he wants to show war for what it really is. In everything he says he is very blunt and relates even the simplest things to every day horrors. By using realism Owen shows the reader that the only thing the soldiers have to keep them going are memories, an example of this is, Slowly our ghosts drag home: glimpsing the sunk fires glozed. This emphasises that the soldiers have no luxuries and how now they take nothing for granted, because they now realise it isnt always going to be there for them. The reason for The Charge Of The light Brigade using euphemism and Exposure using realism, is because each writer is trying to give a different image of the war, for different reasons using these methods. In conclusion both poems appear to be very similar when I first looked at them, however the only thing they have in common is that they are both about wars. The reason they only have this in common is for two reasons. The first reason is that both wars were completely different types of wars. The second reason and the most important, is that the writers show different attitudes towards war. In Charge Of The Light Brigade Tennyson wrote the poem to honour and glorify the soldiers that fought in the war. So the way he presents the poem, its as if Tennyson is saying that war is good thing to part of. I think the other reason for him putting such a positive image on the war was because he didnt fight in it, therefore there are no feelings included in his poem. So because Tennyson approves of the soldiers loyalty there are no signs of irony. Where as in Exposure Owen, who fought in the war, is able to include feelings. Due to having such a horrible time in the trenches, these feelings are sad and seem painful, putting war in a completely different light. Unlike Owen, Tennyson believed that no good could come from war, and although Owen is against war Exposure isnt an anti-war poem. However the one attitude that both writers show in their poems, is that you have to fight sometimes to preserve what is good.

Love In Pain

Love In Pain Love Is PainWhen something goes away everything around you doesn't matter anymore. You don't care about anything. Everything around you is black and white. You're sitting in the corner of the dark room, full of memories about him. Memories that make you sad and make you want to cry. You think : "Here came the day that you have expected to come, the day of suffering, of pain and tears had come." And it seems that life ends for you in this very day. He is away and you do not know if he is ever going to come back. You don't know if he is going to look at you with his beautiful brown eyes, to hold you with his strong arms, to kiss you with his juicy lips. You look at one point and ask yourself what are you going to do from now on. Should you go on and fight with life or put an end of everything? You start losing the thread slowly.oh god, you devil . . .Are you suffering as much as I do? I don't know, but I want to see you, to hug you, to hold you in my arms, to feel that you are near me and never let you go. Why does it hurt so much? Every time I think about us, those days when we were together appear in my mind. They might not be so much but they meant something for me! Oh God, how I wish the things between me and him were different. I wish everything was like when we first met. You looked at me and I started to shiver. It was so nice. And now you look at me like a stranger and it's like you want to say: "I can't go on like this, everything is...

The Effects of Bullying In Relation to a Childs Performance both Research Paper

The Effects of Bullying In Relation to a Childs Performance both Academically and Socially - Research Paper Example School bullying is a pervasive problem found in primary, middle and high schools across the United Kingdom and around the world. As an international phenomenon, school bullying occurs at similar rates in disparate cultures, countries, and educational settings (Carney & Merrell, p364-382, 2001). Once seen as a normal, if not harmless part of growing up, school bullying is now recognized as one of the primary threats to school safety today (Junoven, p36-40, 2005; Scarpaci, p170-174, 2006; Whitted & Dupper, p167-175, 2005). Within the last decade, several fatal school shootings committed by the victims of school bullying including the Dunblane massacre have brought major media attention to the issue. The result has been an increase in public awareness about the harmful effects of school bullying and a flurry of local, state, and nationwide programs designed to prevent or at least contain the problem. In recent years, psychologists, sociologists, and school administrators have all publis hed a plethora of research about school bullying. This topic is chosen because it addressed a key dilemma facing our society and youth which needs to be addressed and resolved. I hope this paper would have a way for policymakers to formulate their policies in light of the suggestions in this paper. Before I begin the review of literature on this subject, I believe we Definitions of school bullying include four basic elements. First, school bullying does not happen between peers who share an equal or similar degree of power, but always involves a more powerful perpetrator intimidating a weaker subject.  

Hotel Revenue Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 153

Hotel Revenue Management - Essay Example The assessment should be done from different perspectives, which include customers, organisation, and from the human resource point of view. Evaluation strategy enhances acceptability of the changes and has the potential of improving a quality of services offered. Hotel revenue management is fundamental to success in the competitive hospitality industry. Hotels revenue management implies selling the appropriate room to the best client at the most competitive price on the right supply channel. Hotel rooms are considered as perishable products owing to their limited number. Hence, the satisfaction of customer needs and settling for the right price are the main variables to be considered. Revenue management will strive to achieve equilibrium of demand and capacity by predicting and setting prices that ably maximise the utility of all the resources in the hotel (LegoheÃŒ rel, Poutier and Fyall 2013: 96) Emphasis has to be placed on two very important concepts in hotel revenue management. These are rooms’ revenue per available room (RevPAR) and gross operating profit per available room (GOPPAR). RevPAR is used in analysis as a reflection of revenue accrued per available room. The parameter is got from dividing the net revenue collected from a hotel room and the total number of rooms present in the particular hotel. Besides, the value can be arrived at by multiplication of the daily average room rate (ADR) the occupancy of the room. It is, therefore, able to monitor the performance of the system inventory management of the hotel room. Maximisation of RevPAR is the main objective of hotel managements, thus the trade-off between average rate and occupancy. It is very evident that revenue collected from rooms in the hotel constitutes a large portion of the overall revenue generated. Thus, more emphasis should be placed on revenue management in regards to rooms.

Market Development Strategy Implementation For MS

Market Development Strategy Implementation For MS Marks Spencer is the UKs top retailer and is listed in the FTSE 100 of London Stock Exchange. The company has expanded its business in many different global markets. The organization has its products and services in the food, clothing, hosing, and financial service businesses. The assignment is based on the business strategies used by the firm to grow its business in the current global and domestic market. The assignment is based on how the author analyzes individual product line (Strategic Business Units) and their overall business by using business tools like Stakeholder Analysis, Porters 5 Forces Analysis, Value Chain Analysis, BCG Matrix and Ansoff Matrix. After collecting the necessary date from the respective business tools the date is processed and used to draw new Business Strategies for MSs businesses. Once the business strategies are drawn then the author can make plans on how to apply them in MSs businesses. The new business strategies will help MS to improve their busine ss processes and help them to expand their businesses in new markets. Marks Spencers has many strategic intends to achieve its Vision. They are the number one retailers in UK so the management has adopted new milestones on how to conduct business by causing less damage to the environment. They have started their project Plan A in which the firm will try to minimize the damage to the environment as less as possible by their business processes. One of the most important milestones is to maintain existing customers and gain new customers for their products, for which they have special offers and schemes in form of membership cards, free shipping charges in domestic market and discounts during special occasions for their loyal and new customers. They have started conducting their business online with help of new ICT systems which has helped them increase their sales and serve their customers more effectively and efficiently. They also have many quality controls and strategies to improve their business processes and maintain their position in domestic and international markets. Marks Spencer has six main objectives which are Profit Maximization, Increase Sales, Market Leadership, Offering High Quality Services, Growth and Reward Shareholders. Profit Maximization is the most important objective of MS. The management has made plans to maximize their profits by increasing their revenues from all different business ventures and by cutting their cost by avoiding wastage of resources (raw material, labor, etc). Marks Spencers profit in last two years was in 2009 it was 506.8 Â £m and in 2010 it was 523.0 Â £m. Increasing Sales is also one of the most important business objective of MS. In order to increase sales they have expanded their business ventures globally by entering new markets and by upgrading their products with quality controls and tests they are able to satisfy their existing customers and attract new customers for their different business ventures. MS is able to increase its turnover from 8,164.3 Â £m in the year 2009 to 8,567.9 Â £m in the ye ar 2010. Market Leadership is one of the business objectives of MS, MS is the largest retailer in UK and so one of its business objectives is to maintain market leadership by constant reviewing of their previous performance and of their competitors. They have drawn plans on how to become the leaders of international markets by diversifying and improving their products according to the taste of the local customers. MS has made constant efforts to compete with the local competitors in international markets and their international turnover has increased from 897.8 Â £m in the year 2009 to 968.7 Â £m in the year 2010. High Quality Services is one the business objectives of MS, they have always maintained a high standards in quality of goods and services which has kept them on top of the UK retailers for many decades. The management is making new plans on how to evaluate and improve their services and goods to maintain their high standards to which other companies can compare and impro ve their performances. Growth is one the important business objectives of MS as the management understands the importance of growth that is if the firm doesnt grow it will not survive in todays competitive markets. Marks Spencer has made maximum expansions from the year 2001 after a new board was setup. MS has expanded its business by giving franchise to local people in different countries and has successfully expanded its business in more than 35 countries globally. Reward Shareholders is also an important business objective since its a listed public company in London Stock Exchange. It is in FTSE 100 list and like all the other companies MS has declare dividends every year based on their profits in order to keep a healthy relationship with their shareholders. The shareholders are the backbone as they have invested huge amount of liquid wealth through IPOs in MS to allow the firm to carry out its business with calculated risks. The Threat of Entry is one of the key areas in which the firm requires unique strategies on how to stop the new firms from entering their market segment. The firm either has slash down their prices to an extend that new firms cannot enter their market or have such a strong brand value that the customers stay loyal to their products. MS is able to maintain its brand loyalty and maintain itself as UKs number one retailer giant. MS has planned a long term strategy for growth which hinders new firms to enter in its market segment. The firm is thus successfully in this area of business. The Power of Buyers is the area of business that deals with how the firm satisfies its customers with products which are of better quality and are at lower price range. The customers have the bargaining power as there are large retail giants like Tesco, Sainsbury, Asda (Wal-Mart), etc to cater their needs. The quality and price range of MSs goods and services is still better than the rest retail giants so they are able to keep customers loyal to their products. The Power of Suppliers is the area in which the firm deals with its suppliers for its raw material. MS has supplies only from local suppliers and since they are few in number MS has less negotiation power. The suppliers of MS enjoy the power of controlling price of the raw materials. This is one area where the firm can really improve its business process by shifting their manufacturing units to places where the number of suppliers is more and they can have a better chance of bargaining with their suppliers. The Threat of Substitute is area of business that deals in planning on how to avoid customers from switching into new products. MSs management and RD department are responsible in upgrading their products so that the customers remain satisfied and not switch over to an alternative product made by its rivals. The RD department is so efficient in its work that not only they are able to satisfy their existing customers but als o attract new customers to their product line. Competitive Rivalry is the area of business in which the firm keeps a close check on its rival firms and plans on how to compete with them in a competitive market in a profitable manner. MS is able to maintain high standards of goods and services which allowed them to stay as the largest retail giant till date in UK. MS has used the BCG matrix from time to time and have used the data wisely. The matrix has helped them to penetrate in new and old markets with various new products and services. The products of MS are able to capture huge markets in high growing industries. MS has a diverse range of products and services so they have allocated their resources in the star products. They have opened many new outlets in prime areas for retail and helped their question mark products in becoming star products. MS has expanded their business globally so their star products are able to capture new markets easily. MS management has minimized their dog SBUs and has diversified those funds towards star products. This has helped the firm to be at the top of the retailers in UK and a major competitor in other international markets. Currently MS has only cash cow and star SBUs in market. The cash cows are not giving much return due to the recession and slow growth of global market but the star products are doing exceptional well because of their high reputation. The BCG matrix helps the firm understand their products life cycle and allocation of resources in the SBUs. BCG matrix has been one of the most important business tool for MS in analyzing their performance from time to time http://www.scribd.com/doc/24329524/Introduction 3.2 Ansoff Matrix Igor Ansoff had invented the Ansoff Matrix in 1941 and was first published in 1957 in Harvard business review. The Ansoff Matrix is a strategic marketing tool that links a firms marketing strategy with its general strategy and outlines the options open to the firm if they wish to grow, improve profitability and revenue. These options indicate to how to manage the development of the product range. It mainly presents four alternative growth strategies in a table (matrix) which are market penetration, market development, product development and diversification. Market Penetration is a growth strategy for existing products in existing market. The company tries to increase its market share by increasing the sale of its existing product in its current market by using new marketing strategies. Market Development is a growth strategy for developing new markets for existing products. The main objective is to find new markets domestic or international for the firms existing product. Product Development is a growth strategy for new product in existing markets. The firm has to develop new products and launch them in their current market to capture market share. Diversification is a growth strategy for new products for new markets. The firm has to launch new products for new markets in order to expand their business in different markets. This is one of the most important growth strategy as the company has to study the taste of new customers and design their products in order to capture market share of a new market. Marks Spencer uses Ansoff Matrix to analyze their overall business portfolio. Since MS is one of the largest retailers in global market they use all the four growth strategies of Ansoff Matrix in their business. Market Penetration is used by MS to attract customers and make them loyal to their brand by offering good quality and services. They have special offers and customer loyalty programs during special occasion which helps them to attract new customers. The firm has opened many outlets in their captured markets in order to increase sales of their existing products. Product Development is one of the main growth strategies used by MS, the firm develops it new products according to the change in fashion. This has helped the firm to grow rapidly over the years. Market Development is also a growth strategy practiced by MS as they are expanding their business globally. The firm has opened many new outlets in many other countries over the world. Their products have such high demand tha t they are able to expand their business in many countries. MS is a cash rich company therefore it can easily capture new emerging markets by opening new outlets at prime areas in different counties. Diversification as a growth strategy is also used by MS as they develop new products for new customers to cater their needs. The RD department of MS is highly efficient in developing new products for new targeted markets of the firm. MS when enters new market they modify or make their products according to the taste of their new customers. MS uses both Ansoff BCG Matrix to analyze their business processes and to draw up business strategies for growth in existing and new markets. The analyzed data is used effectively by the management and MS is growing its business over the years successfully. Develop evaluate possible alternative strategies for the organisation you have chosen. 4. Alternative Strategies Growth Growth strategies are adopted by companies when they try to win large market share, even at the expense of short-term earnings. The growth strategies can be classified into four types and they are market penetration, product development, diversification and market development. Marks Spencer also has to use alternative strategies to grow their business in this competitive world market. The management has to use all of their resources to plan new strategies on how to utilize their current products, current markets, new products and new markets, in order to ensure there is maximum business growth. 4.1 Alternative Strategies used by Marks Spencer Marks Spencer uses a mixture of many strategies to draw up plans for growth. MS having a diverse business can use many strategies to expand their business in domestic and in international markets. The strategies used are market development strategies, market penetration strategies, product development strategies, and diversification strategies. 4.1.1 Market Development Strategies Marks Spencers management can grow their business by using market development strategies in which they can expand their business in new countries. The products of MS are of high quality therefore their reputation can help the firm easily grow into new markets. The brand value of MS can even help the firm to venture into new market segment and attract new customers as the products are of good quality and are placed at competitive prices. The food, clothing and house ware businesses of MS can use this strategy to grow and reap huge benefits for the company. 4.1.2 Product Development Strategies MS uses Product Development Strategy for its house ware, food and clothing business. In food business MS has changed the packaging to cater the needs of customers who buy in bulk and in small quantity. In clothing line they introduce a new collection according to the change in fashion to attract customers to their clothing business. House ware being the largest business the firm is launching new products frequently to remain at the top of other retailer in UK. 4.1.3 Market Penetration Strategies MS uses Market Penetration strategies for all of existing businesses. This strategy has helped MS to remain at the top of all the retailers in UK. The clothing and food business use strategies like customer loyalty and value improvement strategies whereas the hose ware and financial service businesses use market share growth strategies to grow business. 4.1.4 Unrelated Related Diversification Strategies Relative diversification is the development of a new product line for the new market. Related diversification is of two types horizontal and vertical. Horizontal diversification is development of a product which is an alternative to your current product and Vertical diversification is when the company becomes its own supplier or distributor. Unrelated diversification is the development of a new product which has no relation to the market or the industry in which the firm conducts its current business. MS uses relative diversification strategies for its food and clothing business. For both businesses it uses horizontal diversification strategy by which it develops new food and clothing products as per the change in taste and trend of the people. Recently MS has started its business in Financial Service area this is a complete new business therefore the growth of these services are planned by unrelated diversification strategies. Therefore the firm has used many strategies to diversify and expand its business in order to sustain in the competitive market. The selection of strategies by the management has helped the firm to reap exceptional benefits and has helped the firm to maintain its position at the top of all the retailer giants in UK. The strategies used in global markets have also been successful and the growth rate of the firm is tremendous in foreign markets. The products and services are of high net worth therefore the firm can easily use the planned strategies to grow their business in local and international markets. Outline an implementation plan for the chosen strategies in question 4. 5. Growth Strategies Implementation for Marks Spencer Many of the plans for the strategic growth discussed before are already implemented by the firm. New plan for expansion in new markets (market development) is to be drawn and implemented to ensure strategic growth for clothing business. 5.1 Market Development Strategy Implementation for MS MS has to develop and implement strategic plans for capturing markets in different countries. MS has already expanded its business in many countries and their products are capturing huge market shares. Seeing tremendous international growth MS should capture new markets as their products are of good quality. The new markets will help the clothes business grow internationally and MS brand image will further appreciate. The steps for planning market development strategies are planning, organization structure, human resources, annual business plan, monitoring and control and linkage. Planning is the first step for developing a market developing strategies. The firm has to first decide which new market they should capture and what product line they should launch for their new market segment. A detailed research on the taste of their new customers needs to be conducted and then accordingly the firm needs to launch their existing or new product line. Organizational Structure needs to be decided by the firm before they layout their business foundation in the new market. Usually the firm gives franchise to the local people to open new store in new countries, this step helps in minimizing risk and the management is in the hands of the franchise holder. The firm still has control over the layout of the store and pricing of the products. Human Resources of every new store is taken care by the franchise holder but MS organizes workshops to train and help the workers to develop new skills. This helps MS to have employees which can cater the need of their customers effectiv ely. Annual Business Plan helps the firm to estimate or forecast their sales in the new market. The firm and the franchise holder have to allocate resources according to the annual business plan in order to ensure business growth. Monitoring Control is a crucial step in making the new business successful. MS has to monitor how the employees are trained to serve their new customers. The firm has to check if the products are properly displayed in their new stores. They have to carry out regular surveys to check the preference of the people and develop new products based on the analysis of the data collected. The firm has to give franchise to the people who will conduct business ethical or else their brand value will decline in that market segment. Linkage is when the firm keeps a close check on all the activities and makes sure that all the processes are conducted in the decided sequence regularly to ensure business growth. Linkage MS can use this growth strategy to develop a new market and by implementing this strategy it can grow its business in many part of the world. One of the business objective of MS is to grow therefore growing in international market is really profitable as MS has made constant efforts to compete with the local competitors in international markets and their international turnover has increased from 897.8 Â £m in the year 2009 to 968.7 Â £m in the year 2010. The international market of MS has shown a tremendous growth and so MS should make full use of this plan and grow its business in new markets. This plan also gives the firm the advantage of developing new products for their new market segments. The brand image has helped the firm to grow in many new markets therefore MS should utilize this growth strategy to develop new markets. Conclusion Quinn (1980, pg. 3) defines Business Strategy as the pattern that integrates an organizations major goal, policies and action sequences into a cohesive whole. A well formulated strategy helps to marshal and allocate an organizations resources into unique and viable posture based on its relative internal competencies and shortcomings, anticipated changes in the environment and contingent moves by intelligent opponents. The author has used many business measuring tools (BCG Matrix, Ansoff Matrix, Porters 5 Forces Analysis, Value Chain Analysis, Stake holder analysis, etc) appropriately to collect relevant data on each of the SBUs and on overall business. The data was processed and used to form new alternative growth strategies for MS. The growth strategy if used by the firm can help them expand their business and also to develop new product lines for new markets. Therefore the business strategies suggested by the author in the assignment are relevant for the firm if they want to grow their business in current global market and retain their position at the top of UKs retailer list. Reference List Books Referred Mooij, M, 2009. Global Marketing and Advertising, 3rd Edition. SAGE John, R, Gillies, G, 1996. Global Business Strategy. Cengage Learning EMEA. Johnson, 2008. Exploring Corporate Strategy. Pearson Education India. Johnson, G, Scholes, K, Whittington, R, 2006. Exploring Corporate Strategy, 7th Edition. Financial Times. Websites Referred History Introduction of MS taken (online), Available at: http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/aboutus/company_overview (Accessed 15th April, 2011) Mission Vision taken (online), Available at: http://www2.marksandspencer.com/thecompany/our_stores/world.shtml (Accessed 15th April, 2011) Definition of Strategic Intent taken (online), Available at: http://dilipnaidu.wordpress.com/2010/05/06/strategic-intent/ (Accessed 15th April, 2011) Objectives of MS taken (online), Available at: http://bizcovering.com/major-companies/a-case-study-on-marks-and-spencer/2/ (Accessed 15th April, 2011) MS 5 Years Records taken (online), Available at: http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/investors/fin_highlights/five_year_record (Accessed 16th April, 2011) Stakeholder Analysis taken (online), Available at: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/stakeholder.html (Accessed 16th April, 2011) Porters 5 Forces Analysis (online), Available at: http://www.1stessays.com/samples/businessanalysis.pdf (Accessed 16th April, 2011) BCGs Matrix taken (online), Available at: http://www.managementstudyguide.com/bcg-matrix.htm http://www.scribd.com/doc/24329524/Introduction (Accessed 17th April, 2011) Ansoff Matrix taken (online), Available at: http://www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk/ansoff_matrix-2.pdf http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/Ansoff-matrix.html (Accessed 17th April, 2011) Alternative Growth Strategies taken (online), Available at: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/growth-strategy.html http://paulcurtis.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/growthstrategymatrix.jpg?w=500h=446 (Accessed 17th April, 2011)

Beloved :: essays research papers

A TREE CAN BE A HEAVY LOAD TO CARRY Throughout our lives, we have all had our own â€Å"tree† carved onto us. Whether it is on our back, in our heart, in our soul, our hands or feet, we can all share the knowledge and pain our lives have borne. So there is an understanding of how and what Sethe has had to bare throughout her life, and every branch of her tree has its individual story to tell. Not only has she been affected by the choices she has had to make, but also everyone who has come in contact with her have been affected. One branch of Sethe’s tree tells of her killing her baby and another tells of the guilt she has felt throughout the years and the near destruction of her from the haunting of her dear â€Å"Beloved’s† ghost. Another tells of her boys running away and another tells of the neglect that her younger daughter has had to face. Because of this guilt, she almost paid for it with her life. However, the stages that her mind her took through with coming to terms with her involve ment in Beloved’s murder, her redemption of that burden, and near madness were the elements that helped to guide her through the guilt. From the redemption of her guilt, Sethe has learned that when a branch of her tree has weltered a little, which means that her family bond is not as strong, the tree does not die, because it has a strong root. A root that represents all of the sorrow’s of her life, but she is still strong and is willing to fight to get rid of the weltering branches and sprout new ones, which represents new hope, new life and new beginning. In comparison with Sethe, many of us could probably relate to Sethe and the tragedies and devastations she has had to face. Like her, we and the people around us have had to face death, neglect, uncertainties, self-doubt or inner demons. Sethe explains that she took her baby’s life in order to save her from the treacherous world that she would have greeted. She did not want her baby to grow up in slavery like she had to, or starve because she did not have any milk to feed her. â€Å"†¦.and I could not let her nor any of em live under schoolteacher.

The Nist Definition of Cloud Computing

Special Publication 800-145 (Draft) The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing (Draft) Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Peter Mell Timothy Grance NIST Special Publication 800-145 (Draft) The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing (Draft) Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Peter Mell Timothy Grance C O M P U T E R S E C U R I T Y Computer Security Division Information Technology Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930 January 2011 U. S. Department of CommerceGary Locke, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology Dr. Patrick D. Gallagher, Director Reports on Computer Systems Technology The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U. S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the nation’s measurement and standards infrastructure. ITL develops tests, test methods , reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analysis to advance the development and productive use of information technology.ITL’s responsibilities include the development of technical, physical, administrative, and management standards and guidelines for the cost-effective security and privacy of sensitive unclassified information in Federal computer systems. This Special Publication 800-series reports on ITL’s research, guidance, and outreach efforts in computer security and its collaborative activities with industry, government, and academic organizations.National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-145 (Draft) 7 pages (January. 2011) Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, n or is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. ii AcknowledgementsThe authors Peter Mell and Timothy Grance of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) would like to thank the many experts in industry and government who contributed their thoughts to the creation and review of this definition. We especially acknowledge Murugiah Souppaya and Lee Badger, also of NIST, whose advice and technical insight assisted this effort. Additional acknowledgements will be added upon the final publication of this guideline. iii 1. 1. 1 Introduction Authority The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) developed this document in furtherance of its statutory responsibilities under the FederalInformation Security Management Act (FISMA) of 2002, Public Law 107-347. NIST is responsible for developing standards and guidelines, including minimum requirements, for providing adequate information security for all agency operations and assets; but such standards and guidelines shall not apply to national security systems. This guideline is consistent with the requirements of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-130, Section 8b(3), â€Å"Securing Agency Information Systems,† as analyzed in A-130, Appendix IV: Analysis of Key Sections. Supplemental information is provided in A-130, Appendix III.This guideline has been prepared for use by Federal agencies. It may be used by nongovernmental organizations on a voluntary basis and is not subject to copyright, though attribution is desired. Nothing in this document should be taken to contradict standards and guidelines made mandatory and binding on Federal agencies by the Secretary of Commerce under statutory authority, nor should these guidelines be interpreted as altering or superseding the existing authorities of the Secretary of Commerce, Director of the OMB, or any other Federal official. 1. 2 Purpose and ScopeTh e purpose of this publication is to provide the NIST definition of cloud computing. NIST intends this informal definition to enhance and inform the public debate on cloud computing. Cloud computing is still an evolving paradigm. Its definition, use cases, underlying technologies, issues, risks, and benefits will be refined and better understood with a spirited debate by the public and private sectors. This definition, its attributes, characteristics, and underlying rationale will evolve over time. 1. 3 Audience The intended audience is people adopting the cloud computing model or providing cloud services. 2. The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e. g. , networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This cloud model promotes availability and is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models. Essential Characteristics: On-demand self-service.A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service’s provider. Broad network access. Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e. g. , mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs). Resource pooling. The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand.There is a sense of location independence in that the customer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify l ocation at a higher level of abstraction (e. g. , country, state, or datacenter). Examples of resources include storage, processing, memory, network bandwidth, and virtual machines. Rapid elasticity. Capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out, and rapidly released to quickly scale in.To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time. Measured Service. Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability1 at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e. g. , storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.Service Models: Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to use the providerâ₠¬â„¢s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e. g. , web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings.Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations. 1 Typically through a pay-per-use business model. Cloud Infr astructure as a Service (IaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e. g. , host firewalls).Deployment Models: Private cloud. The cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on premise or off premise. Community cloud. The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e. g. , mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist o n premise or off premise.Public cloud. The cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services. Hybrid cloud. The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e. g. , cloud bursting for load balancing between clouds). 3

Willow Weep For Me, Autobiography Of A Face By Arthur...

(Title) The poem (title of poem) depicts a moment of a womans stay at the hospital, where she experiences pain and depression. The author of the poem engages with and addresses major themes such as detachment in biomedicine, experience of being in the hospital from the patient’s perspective, the meaning of illness, and the experience of illness for the patient. The narrative can be compared to Arthur Kleinman’s the Illness Narratives, Meri Nana-Ama Danquah’s Willow Weep for Me, Autobiography of a Face by Lucy Grealy, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wall-Paper.† The narrator of the poem begins with stating that â€Å"some kind of shadow was behind her/ she ran towards nowhere/ dark, empty, cold, stuck.† The poem depicts the†¦show more content†¦Moreover, the author portrays the character’s loneliness, feelings, and emotions as a result of her physical and mental distress. Similarly represented in Willow Weep for Me and its depiction of Danquah, her sister, and friends’ alienation and isolation regarding their clinical depression (Danquah). Further, the â€Å"pain† and â€Å"whimpers† are the physical and emotional responses to her illness, which can be compared to Grealy’s bodily response to chemotherapy, â€Å"wanting to turn itself inside out, made wave after wave of attempts to rid itself of this unseeable intruder, this overwhelming and noxious poison† (66). In the next stanza, the poet describes â€Å"A figure walking towards cloaked in blue/ Beeping/ Tubes/ Needles.† The poem addresses the routinely and monotonous aspect of being in the hospital for long periods of time. It is a critique of the biomedical model and how the hospital system is created where patients are tended to by multiple doctors, nurses, and allied health professionals. The patients and healthcare professionals are unable to form a relationship that consists of what Kleinman describes as â€Å"empathetic witnessing† (Kleinman). Therefore, detachment between patient and health workers is developed and established, to which the patient cannot recognize or know the people assisting them. In addition, Grealy discusses this in her earliest accounts and appointments with doctors. She states that there is a layer of â€Å"condescension† and is an â€Å"endemic in the medical